Uncontrolled cell division can lead to theįormation of tumours and of cancers. explain the appearance of cells in each stage of mitosis.recognise the stages of the cell cycle: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (including cytokinesis).The role of spindle fibres attached to centromeres in the separation of chromatids.ĭivision of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) usually occurs, producing two new The behaviour of chromosomes during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase of mitosis. Mitosis is the part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each with the identical copies of DNA produced by the parent cell during DNA replication.DNA replication occurs during the interphase of the cell cycle.Within multicellular organisms, not all cells retain the ability to divide.Įukaryotic cells that do retain the ability to divide show a cell cycle. Iodide solution to identify starch grains in plant cells. Students should be able to appreciate that there was aĬonsiderable period of time during which the scientific communityĭistinguished between artefacts and cell organelles. Principles of cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation as used to separate cell components. Measuring the size of an object viewed with an optical microscope. The principles and limitations of optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes. The structure of virus particles to include genetic material, capsid and attachment protein. In addition, many prokaryotic cells have:ĭetails of these structural differences are not required. a cell wall that contains murein, a glycoprotein.no nucleus instead they have a single circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and is not associated with proteins.cytoplasm that lacks membrane-bound organelles.They also differ from eukaryotic cells in having: Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Structure of prokaryotic cells and of viruses Students should be able to apply their knowledge of these features in explaining adaptations of eukaryotic cells. Specialised cells are organised into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into systems. In complex multicellular organisms, eukaryotic cells become specialised for specific functions. rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.lysosomes (a membrane-bound organelle that releases hydrolytic enzymes).nucleus (containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA, and one or more nucleoli).The structure of eukaryotic cells, restricted to the structure and function of: The cell theory is a unifying concept in biology. Interactions between different types of cell are involved in disease, recovery from disease and prevention of symptoms occurring at a later date if exposed to the same antigen, or antigen-bearing pathogen. Others act as antigens, allowing recognition of ‘self’ and ‘foreign’ cells by the immune system. Some of these are involved in cell signalling – communication between cells. The basic structure of these membranes is the same and enables control of the passage of substances across exchange surfaces by passive or active transport.Ĭell-surface membranes contain embedded proteins. This provides indirect evidence for evolution.Īll cells arise from other cells, by binary fission in prokaryotic cells and by mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells.Īll cells have a cell-surface membrane and, in addition, eukaryotic cells have internal membranes. Differences between cells are due to the addition of extra features. Published 26 November 2021 | PDF | 1.2 MB 3.2 CellsĪll life on Earth exists as cells.
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